Here is a collection of academic resources outlining the ways that African Americans continue to face obstacles to success from racial discrimination in almost every category of society. This list represents a small portion of my free time. It merely scratches the surface of the available evidence.
Black people are more likely to be wrongfully convicted and more likely to be framed for a crime they didn't commit. [law.umich.edu]
Black children are more likely to be tried as an adult. [wnyc.org]
Black people get 20% longer prison sentences for the same crimes even controlling for criminal history. [ussc.gov]
Black children are taken into foster care at disproportionately high rates, and stay in the system longer before being adopted or reunited with their families. MyNews13.com
Black students are more likely to be arrested at school. A function of increased security at predominantly black schools. Not because black students commit crimes at school at higher rates. Sources: [edweek.org]
Security levels in schools are determined by how many black kids go to the school and not crime levels. Sources: [sciencedaily.com]
Predominantly black schools are chronically underfunded compared to predominantly white schools. Sources: [psmag.com]
An identical resume with a white sounding name like Stephen or Susan is twice as likely to recieve a call for a job interview compared to the same resume with an ethnically black sounding name like Jamal or Latisha. Sources: [nber.org]
Minorities who alter their resumes to seem white get more job interviews. [hbswk.hbs.edu]
A study targeting fortune 500 companies with 80,000 fake resumes found black sounding names recieved 10% less call backs. [MarketPlace.org]
Almost twice as many non-Hispanic Black children have lead levels at or above 2 micrograms per deciliter compared to non-Hispanic White children. [publichealthpost.org]
People of color are much more likely to live near polluters and breathe polluted air. People in poverty are exposed to more fine particulate matter than people living above poverty. “results at national, state, and county scales all indicate that non-Whites tend to be burdened disproportionately to Whites.” [theatlantic.com]
2012 study finds predominantly Black zip codes were 67% more likely to have a shortage of primary care physicians (PCPs). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
2016 study found many white medical students wrongly believe Black people have a higher pain tolerance than white people. Of all the participants, 73% held at least one false belief about the biological differences between races. [pnas.org]
Black children with appendicitis were less likely to receive appropriate pain medication than white children. The same was true in research on black people with recurring cancer. [ medicalnewstoday.com] [medicalnewstoday.com]
People in predominantly Black areas have limited access to trauma centers. [jamanetwork.com]
Doctors in emergency departments are less likely to classify black and hispanic children as requiring emergency care compared to white or asian children. Less likely to admit black or hispanic children to the hospital after visiting the Emergency dept. Less likely to order blood tests, CT scans, or X-rays for Black, Hispanic, or Asian children compared to white children. [frontiersin.org] [medicalnewstoday.com]
between 2005 and 2016, medical professionals were 10% less likely to admit Black patients to the hospital than white patients. It also suggests Black people were 1.26 times more likely to die in the emergency separtment or hospital. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Infant mortality by race:
Group.........................................Infant mortality
Black...........................................11 in 1,000
Indigenous .............................. 8 in 1,000
White and Latinx...................5 in 1,000
Asian or Pacific Islander.....4 in 1,000
Black women are 3 to 4 times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than white women. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Banks targeted black homeowners for predatory homeloans and refinancing in the lead up to the 2008 crisis. Causing black families to be disproportionately harmed by the forclosure crisis. [aclu.org]
owner-occupied homes in black neighborhoods are undervalued by $48,000 per home on average, amounting to $156 billion in cumulative losses. This study controls for crime rates. Neighborhood amenities like schools, parks, walkability, and public transportation. The size and age of homes etc. [brookings.edu]
In an experiment landlords responding to emails treated Black people, Arab males, Muslims, and single parents unfavorably. [sciencedirect.com]
Wells Fargo Rejected Half Its Black Applicants in Mortgage Refinancing Boom [bloomberg.com]
Police stop black drivers significantly more than white drivers when the sun's up and they can see the driver is black, but not at night when they can't see the drivers race. Meaning race is often the determining factor for why someone is pulled over or not. [nature.com]
Unarmed black people are 3.49 times as likely to be killed as unarmed white people. Local crime rates have zero effect on this statistic. [journals.plos.org]
Black and white police use force at similar rates in white neighborhoods, but white officers use force significantly more than black cops when responding to calls in minority neighborhoods. [nber.org]
Police in oakland find contraband at the same rate regardless of race, but search black drivers 4x more often. [stanford.app.box.com]
The more white a suspect appears to be the less likely police are to use force. The more black a suspect appears the more likely it is that police will use force. [journals.sagepub.com]
Black police are more likely to be shot by their fellow officers than white police. [hks.harvard.edu]
Oakland police disproportionately handcuff black people at stunning levels in all areas of the city. [sparq.stanford.edu]
In San Francisco, “although Black people accounted for less than 15 percent of all stops in 2015, they accounted for over 42 percent of all non-consent searches following stops.” This proved unwarranted: “Of all people searched without consent, Black and Hispanic people had the lowest ‘hit rates’ (i.e., the lowest rate of contraband recovered).” [sfdistrictattorney.org]
The DOJ investigation into Ferguson PD, found “a pattern or practice of unlawful conduct within the Ferguson PD that violates the 1st, 4th, and 14th Amendments to the Constitution, and federal law.” The scathing report found that FPD was targeting black residents and treating them as revenue streams for the city by striving to continually increase the money brought in through fees and fines. [justice.gov]
In Chicago, a 2016 report found that “black and Hispanic drivers were searched approximately four times as often as white drivers, yet Chicago PDs own data show that contraband was found on white drivers twice as often as black and Hispanic drivers.” [chicagopatf.org]
2014 ACLU analysis of Illinois DOT data found: “Black and Latino drivers are nearly twice as likely as white drivers to be asked during a routine traffic stop for ‘consent’ to have their car searched. Yet white motorists are 49% more likely than African American motorists to have contraband discovered during a consent search by law enforcement, and 56% more likely when compared to Latinos.” [aclu-il.org]
Black adults who are experiencing emotion dysregulation and/or psychological disorders, particularly Black men, are more likely to be arrested than are white American adults with symptoms of the same level of severity [news.osu.edu]